Acute Kidney Injury Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days. AKI causes a build-up of waste products in your blood and makes it hard for your kidneys to keep the right balance of fluid in your body.

Anemia in Kidney Disease Healthy kidneys produce a hormone called EPO. EPO prompts the bone marrow to make red blood cells, which then carry oxygen throughout the body. When the kidneys are diseased or damaged, they do not make enough EPO. As a result, the bone marrow makes fewer red blood cells, causing anemia.

Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time.

Renal Osteodystrophy (renal bone disease) Renal osteodystrophy is a bone disease that occurs when your kidneys fail to maintain proper levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. It’s common in people with kidney disease and affects most dialysis patients.

Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetic nephropathy is damage to your kidneys caused by diabetes. In severe cases it can lead to kidney failure.

Electrolyte Disorders Electrolyte disorders are most often caused by a loss of body fluids through prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or sweating.

End Stage Renal Disease ESRD occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to work at a level needed for day-to-day life. The most common causes of ESRD in the United States are diabetes and high blood pressure. These conditions can affect your kidneys. ESRD almost always comes after chronic kidney disease.

Glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis is a group of diseases that injure the part of the kidney that filters blood. Other terms you may hear used are nephritis and nephrotic syndrome. When the kidney is injured, it cannot get rid of wastes and extra fluid in the body.

Hematuria Hematuria is the presence of blood in a person’s urine. The two types of hematuria are gross hematuria—when a person can see the blood in his or her urine. microscopic hematuria—when a person cannot see the blood in his or her urine, yet it is seen under a microscope.

Hypertension A condition present when blood flows through the blood vessels with a force greater than normal, also called high blood pressure.

Kidney Disease during pregnancy If pregnant women have a kidney disorder, they are more likely to develop high blood pressure, including preeclampsia (a type of high blood pressure that develops during pregnancy).

Kidney Stones A kidney stone is a hard object in the urine that is passed as waste products. Too much waste can cause crystals to form and attract other elements, resulting in solid that will get larger unless it’s passed out of the body.

Kidney Transplant A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure to place a healthy kidney from a live or deceased donor into a person whose kidneys no longer function properly.

Polycystic Kidney Disease Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited kidney disorder that causes fluid-filled cysts to form in the kidneys. PKD may impair kidney function and eventually cause kidney failure.

Proteinuria/Edema Excess protein can cause the urine to foam in water. This occurs because protein changes the surface tension between urine and water. Edema (swelling) usually only occurs in nephrotic range proteinuria.

Urinary Tract Infections and Obstructions Infection in the upper urinary tract generally affects the kidneys which can cause fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and other severe symptoms. Urinary tract obstruction is a blockage that inhibits the flow of urine through its normal path (the urinary tract), including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Blockage can lead to kidney damage, kidney stones, and infection.

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Meher Mallick, MD